Video 1:

• Psychology comes from latin meaning study of soul
• The science of behavior and mental processes
• Various schools of thought
  • Structuralism
    • Wilhelm Wundt
  • Functionalism
    • William James
    • Inspired by Charles Darwin
    • Adaptive behaviours are conserved throughout the evolution
    • Defined psychology as science of mental life
  • Psychoanalysis
    • Sigmond Freud
    • Free Associate Technique
    • Unconscious Motives
    • Mental Disorders to be healed through talk therapy and self discovery
    • Later descended to psychodynamic theory
  • Behaviourism
    • B.F. Skinner

Video 2:

• False Intution
• Hindsight Bias (I knew it all along phenomenon)
• Operationalizing the question
• Research Methods
  • Scientific method
    • Question and build a theory
    • Make hypothesis and test your prediction
    • Test with a replicable experiment
  • Case studies can overgeneralizing
  • Naturalistic observation
    • Good at describing behaviour
    • Limited in explaining it
  • Surveys and interviews
  • Experiments
• Sampling Bias
• How behaviours corelate
• But corelation is not causation and hence cannot prove anything
• Experiments studying only one variable keeping others constant
• Experimental and control group
• Placebo an inert substance
• Double blind procedure

Video 3:

• Everything psychological is biological
• Neuron’s electrochemical nature
  • Bipolar/Interneuron
  • Unipolar/Sensory
  • Multipolar/Motor
  • Pyramidal
• Soma, Dendrites, Axon, Synapses and Myelin Sheath
• Multiple Sclerosis caused by damage to myelin sheath leading to lack of muscle control
• Neurotransmitters
  • Excitatory
    • Norphinephrine
    • Glutamate
  • Inhibitory
    • GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Axid)
    • Seretonin
  • Endorphins (Pain control and pleasure)
  • Acetylchlonin and Dopamine can behave as both
  • Alzheimer’s patients experience deterioration of Acetylchlonin producing neurons
  • Schizophrenia
• Endocrine System
  • Hormones
  • Attraction, Appetite and Aggression
  • Take more time than neurotransmitters for reaction
  • Adrenal Glands, Pencreas, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Ovaries, Pitutary Gland, Hypothalamus
• Reuptake is a process of absorption of excess of neurotransmitter by the neuron that released them

Video 4:

• Phrenology is the study of shape and size of cranium
• Different parts of brain control specific behaviour
• Function is localised
• Brain and mind(memories, consciousness, behaviour, decisions)
• How brain functions tie to the behaviour of mind
• CNS
• PNS
• Case of Phineas Gage
• Old Brain
  • Brain Stem
  • Medulla
  • Pons
  • Thalamus
  • Reticular Formation
  • Cerebellum
• Limbic System
  • Hypothalamus
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
• Grey Matter in cerebrum
  • Corpus Collosum
• Glial Cells
• Lobes
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
• Fissures
• Cortex
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Motor Cortex
  • Somatosensory Cortex
• Association Areas

Video 5:

• Prosopagnosia neurological disorder of face blindness
• Fusiform Gyrus
• Sensation vs Perception
  • Bottom up process in which sensory organs receive and relay outside stimuli
  • Top down way in which brain organizes and interpret information to put it into context
• Absolute threshold of sensation is the minimum stimulation needed to register a given stimulus 50% of the time.
• Signal Detection Theory is a model for predicting how and when a person will detect a weak stimuli partly based on context
• Sensory Adaptation
• Difference Threshold
  • Weber’s Law is that we percieve differences on log scale and not linear scale
• Wavelength and frequency determine hue
• Amplitude determine intensity or brightness
• Photoreceptors
  • Rods(Grayscale and Peripheral Vision) and Cones(Fine detail and color)
• Theories of color vision
  • Young Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
    • Dichromatic vs Trichromatic Vision
  • Opponent Process Theory
• Feature Detector nerve cells
• Parallel Processing of Form, Motion, Depth and Color

Video 6:

• Homunculus(little man) is sensory map of human body
• Short Waves have high frequency and high pitch
• Amplitude determines loudness measured in Decibels
• Directional Stereophonic Hearing
• Ear Structure
  • Outer Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Inner Ear
  • Ear Drum
  • Ossicle Bones
    • Stirrup
    • Anvil
    • Hammer
  • Cochlea
  • Auditory Nerve
• Taste Buds
  • Taste Pore
  • Supporting Cell
  • Gustatory Receptor Cell
• Umami Taste
• Sensory Interaction
• Synesthesia is sensory activation of one sense when another sense is triggered.
• Smell is Chemical Sense
  • Olfactory Receptors
  • Olfactory Bulb
  • Primary Smell Cortex
  • Odor Receptors
  • Near our lymbic system - amygdala and hippocampus and hence related to emotional response
• Touching
  • Pressure
  • Warmth
  • Cold
  • Pain
• Kinesthesis is the way in which body senses it’s own movements and positioning
• Vestibular Sense monitors head’s position and balance
  • Semicircular canals
  • Vestibular Sac
  • Cochlea

Video 7:

• Perception is the top-down way in which brain organises and interpret information and put it into context
  • Make meaning out of our senses
• Duck vs Bunny
• Perceptual Set is the list of psychological factors that determine how we percieve the enviroment
  • Context
  • Culture
  • Expectation
• Form Perception
  • Figure Ground Relationship
    • Organisation of visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings
  • Rules of grouping
    • Orgainizing things by proximity
    • Continuity
    • Closure
• Depth Perception
  • Ability to see objects in 3D even when the retinal images are 2D
  • Estimate distance and shape
  • Binocular Cues and Retinal Disparity
  • Monocular Cues
    • Relative size and height
    • Linear Perspective
    • Texture Gradient
    • Interposition
• Motion Perception
  • Shrinking objects are retreating
  • Enlarging objects are approaching
• Constancy
  • Ability to percieve objects even when stimulus changes slightly

Video 8:

• Consciousness
  • Awareness of ourselves and our environment
  • Stream of Consciousness
  • What it means to be awake
  • Waking
  • Dreaming
  • Tripping
  • Sleeping
• Cognitive neuroscience
  • How brain activity is linked to our mental processes like thinking, perception, memory, language, pain etc
  • Structural imaging
  • Functional imaging
    • Function is often localized in brain
• Dual process model of consciousness
  • Information processed simultaneously on conscious and non-conscious tracks
  • 11 million bits of info per second
• Selective attention
  • Way of focusing of our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
  • Cocktail party effect
• Inattentional Blindness
  • Invisible gorilla
  • Moonwalking bear
  • Easy to miss something which we are not looking for
  • Misdirection as experimental psychology
• Change Blindness - Psychological phenomenon in which we fail to notice changes in the environment - Person Swap

Video 9:

• Sleep is another state of consciousness
• Periodic, natural, reversible and near total loss of consciousness
• Different from hibernation, coma, anesthetic oblivion
• Reasons for sleeping
  • Recuperation
  • Growth
  • Mental function
• Electroencephalograph(EEG)
  • machine that measures brain’s electrical activity
• REM Sleep stage
  • Rapid Eye Movement
  • Recurring sleep stage when vivid dreams occur
• Sleep Stages
  • REM
  • NREM-1
  • NREM-2
  • NREM-3
• Adrenal glands release cortisol awake harmone during day
• Pineal gland release melatonin during night
• Before sleep alpha wave stage
• Hypnagogic Sensations
• Sleep Spindles
• Sleep deprivation leading to sleep disorders
  • Insomnia has recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
  • Narcolepsy uncontrollable sleep attacks
    • Hypocretin
  • Sleep Apnea can cause sleeper to temporarily stop breathing
  • REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder
  • Night Terrors in NREM-3
  • Sleep Walking
  • Sleep Talking
  • Nightmares in REM
  • Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Oneirology
  • Study of dreams
  • Information Processing Theory
  • Physiological Function Theory
  • Dreams are part of cognitive development - Are Dreams side effects of REM sleep? Neural Activity Model

Video 10:

• Animal Magnetism
• Hypnosys as Altered State of Consciousness
• Hallucinations
  • A calm trance like state during which you have heightened concentration and focus with openess to suggestion
  • Not a reliable way to recall deeply burried memories
  • Hypnosis can’t make you act you against your will
  • Social influence
  • Dissociation is a special dual processing state of split consciousness
  • Selective inattention to pain
• In clinical hypnosys, people are asked to dissociate
  • Highly hypnotizable
• Adaptive Dissociative Capacity
• Drugs
  • Tolerance is the diminishing effect of a drug which happens with regular use and in order for them to be effective we start taking larger doses
  • Neuroadaptation
  • Psychoactive Drugs are chemical substances which alter mood and perception
    • Placebo Effect
    • Depressants mellow slow bodily function and supress neural activity
      • Alcohol
      • Tranquilizers
      • Opiates
      • Disinhibitor impairs brain’s judgement areas, self awareness and self control
      • Endorphins - Natural pain killing neurotransmitter
    • Stimulants
      • Speed up the bodily functions, enhance neural activity, self confidence and mood changes
      • Caffine
      • Nicotine
      • Amphetamines
      • Street Amphetamines
      • Meth
      • Ecstasy
      • Cocaine
    • Hallucinogens
      • Also called psychedelics, they evoke sensory images and distort perceptions
      • Plant
      • Fungus
      • Synthetic like LSD(Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)
• Ways to hallucinate without drugs when neurological disturbances happen
  • Seizures
  • Brain injuries
  • Sensory deprevation
  • Fever
  • Diseases
  • Grief
  • Depression

Video 11:

• Ivan Pavlov introduced behaviourism as a field psychology
  • Science focused on observable behaviours and not unobservable internal mental processes
  • Dog salivation experiment
• Learning is the process of acquiring new and enduring information or behaviours through experience
• Associative Learning happens when a subject links certain events, behaviour and stimuli together in process of conditioning
• Acquisition and After conditioning phase
• Classic Conditioning is the type of learning where subject learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
• Learning can be studied through direct observation of behaviour
  • Psychology about objective observable behaviour
• Operant Conditioning is a type of learning where behaviour is strengthened if followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by punisher
  • Shaping is an Operant Conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behaviour towards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
    • Sucessive approximations
  • Skinner box
  • Air Crib
  • Positive Reinforcement is a stimulus which when present after a response strengthens it
  • Negative Reinforcement is a stimulus which when removed after a response strengthens it
    • Negative Reinforcement is not punishment
  • Primary Reinforcers is an innately biologically reinforcing stimulus
  • Conditioned Reinforcers is a stimulus that gains it’s reinforcing power from association with primary reinforcer
  • Reinforcement schedules is a pattern that defines how often does a desired response will be reinforced
  • Partial or intermittent reinforcement is a way in which we reinforce the behaviour only part of the time resulting in slower acquisition of response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
  • Extinction
• Cognitive processes also influence the way we learn

Video 12:

• Albert Bandura
  • Bobo Beatdown
  • Learning can occur through observing and immitating someone else’s behaviour
  • Imitation is sincerest form of learning
  • Observational Learning is learning by observing others
  • Modelling is process of observing and imitating a specific behaviour
  • Socio-Cognitive Learning
• Humans are more taste averse than sound/sight averse
• Birds are more sight averse
• Not all associations are learnt equally
  • Depends on species too as associations which help them survive and thrive are learnt with priority
  • What we learn shapes our attitudes
• Cognitions
  • Thoughts, perspectives and expectations
• Latent Learning
  • Cognitive maps or mental representations of our surroundings
• Learning
  • Associating a response to a consequence
  • Thinking
• Neuroimaging
• Reward systems work even when others are getting rewarded
  • Mirror neurons fire when performing some action or observing others to do so

Video 13:

• HerpesViral Encephalitis wrecks the memory
• Memory is the chain that connects past to present
• Personal Memories are stored differently
• Memory is learning persisted over time ie information that has been stored and can be recalled
• Memories accessed in 3 ways:
  • Recall is the measure of memory in which you access the already learned information
  • Recognition is the measure of memory in which you identify items previously learned
  • Relearning is the measure of memory in which you refreshing old information
• Memory formation
  • External Events lead to sensory memory
  • Encoding to short term memory for under 30 seconds
  • Encoding to long term memory and further retrieval
• Working memory
  • Conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spatial information and info reterieved from long term memory
  • Explicit Memory is the memory of facts and experiences one can consciously know and declare
  • Implicit Memory is the retention of memory independent of conscious recollection
  • Automatic processing
    • Non-conscious encoding of incidental and well learned information
• Long term Memory
  • Procedural Memory
  • Episodic Memory
• Mnemonics helps in memory aids especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organisational devices
  • Chunking is organising items into familiar managable units
  • Shallow processing is encoding information based on auditory or visual levels eg. based on structure, appearance or sound of word
  • Deep processing is encoding information based on the meaning associated with a word

Video 14:

• Lot of work to retrieve memories from the long term storage
• Forget and Remember
• Retrieval Cues for backtracking memory
• Priming is activating associations non-consciously
  • Memoryless Memory
  • Context Dependent Memory
  • State Dependent Memory
• Serial Positioning Effect
  • Our tendency to best recall first and last items in a list
  • Primacy Effect for first words which we rehearsed them more and were in long term memory
  • Recency Effect for last words which remain in working memory
• We forget things in 3 ways:
  • We fail to encode it
  • We fail to retrieve it
    • Can happen because of interference of other memories in brain
  • We experience storage decay
• Proactive/Forward Acting Interference
  • The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
• Retroactive/Backward Acting Interference
  • The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previous information
• Misinformation Effect
  • Incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event
• Source Misattribution
  • Forgetting or misrecalling the source of a memory

Video 15:

• Cognition
  • Knowing
  • Remembering
  • Understanding
  • Communicating
  • Learning
• Concepts
  • Mental grouping of people, ideas, objects, events etc
• Prototype
  • Mental image or pinnacle eg of a certain thing
• Problem Solving Techniques with plan of attack strategy
  • Algorithms, Heuristics & Trial and Error
• Frontal lobes involved in attention of typical problem solving
• Conformation Bias
  • Tendency to look for and favor evidence that confirms our ideas while avoiding or ignoring evidence to the contrary
• Belief Perseverance
  • Tendency to cling on to belief despite the proof to the contrary
• Mental Set
• Mentally available Memory
• Availablity Heuristic is a mental shortcut relying on psychologically salient or easily imagined examples rather than actual odds or factual information
• Framing is how an issue is posed or presented